The Russian Mafia - 1515 Words

The Russian Mafia, also known as Bratva (Brotherhood) is a collection of various organized crime groups that originated during the former Soviet Union era. It is made up of underworld leadership in which engages in providing illegal goods and services that range anywhere from drugs and weapons smuggling to gambling and human trafficking. As in the U.S, there is no universally accepted definition of organized crime in Russia. However, the Bratva shares many basic characteristics with other well-known criminal organizations such as the Italian Mafia. Therefore, the definition that has been commonly used in the U.S will be fitting for the Bratva as well. The FBI defines organized crime as, any group having some manner of a formalized structure and whose primary objective is to obtain money through illegal activities (FBI). The Bratva falls under this definition with one of its many groups, the Vory v Zakone , which translates to Thieves-in-law . They are bound by a code of honor in wh ich states that one is not to make a living on anything other than thievery, complete submission to the laws of criminal life, including obligations to support the criminal ideal and refusal to participate in all political activities (Omics). Give a history of it s formation, growth, and key events (prosecutions etc.) Criminal organizations existed long before the economic disaster and fall of the Soviet Union in the 1990 s which resulted in a break through for organized crime. DuringShow MoreRelatedThe Russian Mafia Essay1794 Words   |  8 PagesThe Russian Mafia The Russian Mafia: Protectionism in the New Capitalist Russia The Russian Mafia has always exercised an important role in the Russian economy. The contemporary mafiosi are descendents of the seventeenth Century highwaymen and Cossack robbers. These men occasionally murdered families prior to raids preventing them from being captured. The Russia mafiosi made a point to remain aloof from the state. Mob men were actually spurned when returning home from fighting in the Great PatrioticRead MoreRussian Mafia1601 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most famous types of organized crime in the past and present is the Russian Mafia. This article entails the rational choice theory model with how it justifies being able to join the Russian Mafia and the business that they conduct. A rational theorist would argue that we as people are rational human beings who carefully calculated the consequences of our behaviour. We make choices based on the cost benefit analysis. The concept of the cost benefit analysis is that when we have to makeRead MoreMasculinity in the Russian Mafia1677 Words   |  7 PagesEastern Promises challenges the view of hegemonic masculinity as a a static, unified concept. By analyzing the behaviors of members of the Russian mafia, vory y zakone (thieves in law), particularly of Kirill and Nikolai, this paper will illustrate how masculinities are constructed, performed and reaffirmed in the context of the Russian mafia vory y zakone. The paper will begin by describing the main tends of masculinities theory, proposing that vory y zakone are creating oppositional masculinityRead MoreThe Italian Mob And The Russian Mafia1323 Words   |  6 PagesWhen people think of organized crime they think of the Italian mob and the Russian mafia. They are the ones that they see in movies and on television, and the ones that they hear about the most. However, they were created a couple centuries after their Asian counterparts, the Yakuza in Japan, and the Triads in Chi na. These Asian syndicates were founded in the sixteenth and seventeenth century and consisted of merchants and other people in what was basically the middle class. They were just groupsRead MoreEssay on The Russian Mob4523 Words   |  19 PagesThe Russian Mob: Organized Crime in a Fledgling Democracy Since the late 1980’s the Russian people have experienced one of the most drastic transitions seen in the world to date, a transition from an attempt at communism to a workable capitalist system. As one would expect, this transition has not been painless and has been the impetus of many distressing problems for the Russian people. One such problem is organized crime. This paper will explore how organized crime during Soviet rule andRead MoreLaw Enforcement, US Military, and Terrorism923 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Russian Mafia, La Cosa Nostra (Italian Mafia), Yakuza, Fuk Ching, Triads, Heijin, Jao Pho, and Red Wa. According to Kristin M. Finklea in Organized Crime in the United States: Trends and Issues for Congress, the Russian Mafia currently poses the biggest threat to the United States. Unlike the Cosa Nostra, or Italian Mafia, the Russian Mafia has a less structured hierarchy. Additionally, its criminal networks are based on skills needed for specific crimes (Finklea 17). The Russian Mafia is involvedRead More U.S. and Russian Relations After the Defeat of the USSR Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pages US and Russia relations after the defeat of the USSR: The end of Cold War brought new challenges to Russian life, economy and politics. Actually, the post-Cold War period opened the new opportunities for Russia. Democracy made its first steps in the country. After seventy years of communism Russian people finally got a chance to live how the want, to say what they want and to do what they want. People got a chance to choose their own leader, to vote for the Congress members. And it was very confusingRead MoreEssay about Japanese, Russian, Chinese, and Mexican Organized Crime1042 Words   |  5 Pageswould not. It is thought that the Russian Mafia has existed in Russia for several centuries. When Russia was still the Soviet Union, corruption began to develop because of the Communist era. Citizens were so desperate to pay bills, buy groceries, and more; that they began to steal from one another, as well as get into forms of organized crime. As the Soviet Union fell Russian organized crime was unleashed into the world, from Russia to the U.S and more. Russian organized crime groups commit crimesRead MoreEssay on The Boondock Saints’ Positive Deviance1348 Words   |  6 Pagesmovie The Boondock Saints provides an excellent example of positive deviance through innovation. The Social theory of deviance can easily explain the brothers’ actions. The movie can be used to study deviance as the brothers kill people who are mafia members, breaking the norms of society. Even though the acts they are committing are clearly illegal and deviant, the people of South Boston do not react in a negative way. Since the Social theory is very broad, it will be easier to look at the brother’sRead MoreBook Report on The New Ethnic Mob by William Kleinknecht Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesBook Report on The New Ethnic Mob by William Kleinknecht The New Ethic Mob by William Kleinknecht explores how the current criminals involved in organized crime are no longer just the Italians. He could be Cuban, Chinese, Russian, African-American, Haitian, or Jamaican. These are the new breed of more sophisticated and more brutal organized criminals. In the preface of the book Kleinknecht states not to mistake this work for a case against immigration in the United

The Imagination And Sexuality Sexual Relief - 863 Words

The Imagination and Sexuality: Sexual Relief The imagination is the first site of an individual’s existence. It is within the imagination that the individual, through consciousness and unconsciousness, comes to know his or her true self, including one’s desires. Sigmund Freud influenced the studies of psychology and psychoanalysis, defining the unconscious as, â€Å"the storehouse of instinctual desires and needs. Childhood wishes and memories live on in unconscious life, even if they have been erased from consciousness. The unconscious is, in a sense, the great waste-paper basket of the mind – the trash that never gets taken out: ‘in mental life nothing which has once been formed can perish -- †¦ everything is somehow preserved and †¦ in suitable circumstances †¦ it can once more be brought to light’ (Freud 1930: 256). Laura Mulvey beautifully expresses desire in, â€Å"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema†, as, Desire, born with language, allows the possib ility of transcending the instinctual and the imaginary†, which may be understood as the imagination propelling forward with sexual desires (837). In many ways, poets of the Romantic Period, with the use of the imagination, reveal unconscious sexual desires through their writings. Much of this sexual drive triggered by repressed desires exists within Wordsworth’s poem, The Prelude. One may argue that these poets utilized the imagination as an instrument for relief from sexual desires. The imagination, one may say, is exceedinglyShow MoreRelatedImagination Of The Male By John Keats962 Words   |  4 Pagesimagination of the male, where she may perfectly exist displaying that she is property of the male. She does not have her own existence. She only exists within the imagination of the male. For example, in, Lamia, by John Keats, the speaker, with his imagination, builds a temple for the Goddess Psyche to reside. Within the mind of the speaker, she is in perfect form. Sh e is imperfect outside of his mind, lacking voice, lute, pipe and incense sweet, but within his mind she will have all of these. InRead MoreFunny Thing About Sociology : Time Essay862 Words   |  4 Pagesquestions multiple times, and then reviews for structure and sociological imagination; no surprise the rewording starts again. Finally, with great relief the masterpiece is done, the question is asked. One will sit back and admire their question only to realize the real work is about to start. Attempt one at a sociology question: Why do homosexual people â€Å"come out† about their sexuality verses naturally progressing into their sexual identity? â€Å"So, it will be the nature of the question to which youRead MoreFunny Thing About Sociology : Time920 Words   |  4 Pagesover then checked for structure and sociologic imagination. The rewording may starts again with a few tweaks here and there. Finally, with a large sigh of relief the masterpiece is done, the question is asked. One will sit back and admire their question only to realize the real work is about to start. Attempt one at a sociology questions: Why do homosexual people â€Å"come out† about their sexuality verses naturally progressing into their sexual identity? â€Å"So, it will be the nature of the questionRead MoreThe Way Of The Ways1687 Words   |  7 PagesEarth, to contemporary photography. These drawings were produced by Giulio Romano, a student of Raphael, in the early 1520s and subsequently engraved and printed by Marcantonio Raimondi. They form a series of sixteen images depicting a variety of sexual positions practiced between heterosexual couples. None of the original drawings survive today, and the original engravings only survive in small fragments of prints, with an almost complete series remaining from a later copy in woodcut. While RomanoRead MoreFreud And The Czech Republic1159 Words   |  5 Pagespatients problems where of sexual desires. Also Freud was not open minded to over phycologist’s ideas nor towards his patients. However, with Freud’s stubbornness he managed to publish other great works. These works include The interpretation of Dreams, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. Being that Freud had a poor social intelligence he had a hard time being listen to. Phycologist, even today fel t that his theories were far too sexual, to the point that itRead MoreThe Dangers Of Crutorial Killers1634 Words   |  7 Pagesdidn’t know if I could learn to deal with all forms of abnormal behavior and I was taking a big risk to let strange men, maybe rapists or serial killers, into my home. The good news was, I was extremely curious about learning what this strange, male sexual behavior was all about, and what made these thrill-seekers tick? Why was getting tied up, beaten, and humiliated all the rage in the underground? Why was it only running rampant in the heavily populated city areas? I realized that my curiosity, linkedRead MoreLiterary Criticisms of Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pagesconnections I never made on my own. For instance, the character Francisco only speaks nineteen lines in the beginning of the play, but Steven Doloff shows just how meaningful they are. Firstly, he â€Å"detects in Franciscos unexplained remark, For this relief much thanks, Tis bitter cold, / And I am sick at heart (I.i.8-9),(1) a foreshadowing of Prince Hamlets melancholy† (Doloff). Shakespeare created this character to indicate Hamlet’s prevalent sadness throughout the play. However, Shakespeare mayRead MoreEssay on Sexuality/Textuality in Tristram Shandy8792 Words   |  36 PagesRice University Sexuality/Textuality in Tristram Shandy Author(s): Dennis W. Allen Reviewed work(s): Source: Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 25, No. 3, Restoration and Eighteenth Century (Summer, 1985), pp. 651-670 Published by: Rice University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/450501 . Accessed: 16/12/2012 06:30 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/termsRead MoreThe Death Of The Storm By Kate Chopin1839 Words   |  8 PagesPope’s poem Eloisa to Abelard and Calixta from the short story The Storm by Kate Chopin both submit to situations that trigger socially unacceptable actions to take place. These acts of loyalty and disloyalty towards their spouses are merely human sexual desires and passion that have been socially, morally, and religiously repressed. Chopin implies that Calixta’s act of adultery was the reason for her happiness, and in turn her family’s happiness. On the other hand, as shown in Pope’s poem, the disapprovalRead MoreSmugging in the Square: Homosexuality as a Literary Device in James Joyces A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man.3689 Words   |  15 Pagescreating a hero. Stephan rejects possible companion after companion yet ceaselessly alludes to his constant social isolation. On Stephan’s definition of normal, Garry Leonard has this to say, â€Å"Although Stephan strives for such a system, he also seeks relief from it, declaring all responses illegitimate except for a state he calls ‘esthetic stasis.’†(Leonard, 81) Joyce’s decision to create â€Å"such a system† within Stephan demonstrates Joyce’s choice to make Stephan unable to delineate from what is normal

Global Political Economy for Theory and Practice - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Why we should increase foreign aid and not decrease? Answer: As stated by, the basics of education support depends on certain educational requirements like teachers, classrooms and educational materials. The effectiveness of teacher training, supervision or the mentoring process creates a better condition in the overall educational system. This process would be better if the foreign aid contribute and involve in the school. Indonesia has been receiving foreign aid and has been important part of the governments budget (Corbet 2017). Indonesia is the largest recipient of Australian aid and Australia is the fourth donor to Indonesia. It has been evident that Australian government provides around $ 356.9 million to Indonesia in 2017-18. As pointed out by Benedek et al. (2014), this creates an extensive framework of cooperation that actually spans around the political, economic and educational security of the country. Thus, foreign aid actually hurt people in the poor countries rather than helping them. For countries like Indonesia, the situation i s extremely degrading and there is very less go for those countries to afford or fund their own education. In fact they completely rely on foreign aid only and if they are not able to get the foreign aids, at the right time they ultimately would have to suffer. Reading, it has been found that by helping the people in the poor countries, the developed countries might be practicing the act of corruption. The idea of the developed countries to help the poor countries blossomed in the late 1960s when the humanitarian crises became evident in the world (Wolf 2015). The Americans showed their support towards the Nigerians. This way automatically they have created dominance over the people of Nigeria because they have been helped in their crisis situation. In fact, many economists believe that it is one of the key that the developed and the wealthier nations triggered in order to achieve growth. It is when the developed countries provide monetary help to the poor countries they also start to dominate the nation by the means of teaching them about the Western model (Lim et al. 2014). Thus, Western model is created even among the people of other nation. Supporting the fact that the developed and the wealthier countries should provide financial help, to the poor countries, it can be said that the poor countries do not have the basic amenities that would help them to reach their goals. Thus, it can be saved that foreign aids mandatory for providing a better future to the people of other countries. References: Benedek, D., Crivelli, E., Gupta, S. and Muthoora, P., 2014. Foreign aid and revenue: Still a crowding-out effect?.FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis,70(1), pp.67-96. Corbett, J., 2017.Australia's Foreign Aid Dilemma: Humanitarian aspirations confront democratic legitimacy. Routledge. Lim, H., Heckman, S.J., Montalto, C.P. and Letkiewicz, J., 2014. Financial stress, self-efficacy, and financial help-seeking behavior of college students. Wolf, C., 2015.Foreign aid: theory and practice in southern Asia. Princeton University Press.

Project Work free essay sample

Project work is not a new methodology. Its benefits have been widely recognized for many years in the teaching of subjects like Science, Geography, and History. Some teachers have also been doing project work in their language lessons for a long time, but for others it is a new way of working. The aim of this booklet is to provide a simple introduction to project work. I shall explain what project work is, what benefits it brings, and how to introduce it into the classroom. I shall also deal with the main worries that teachers have about using project work in their classrooms. The ideas in this booklet are based on the real classroom experience of a large number of teachers and students of English. I hope that after reading it, you too will be encouraged to try project work. 1 Here is an example of a very straightforward and popular project: My Favourite Animal. The students choose an animal and write about it. They illustrate the project with pictures (photographs, postcards, etc. ). Project 1 2 Introduction to Project Work 2 Projects allow students to use their imagination and the information they contain does not always have to be factual. In this example of a project which required students to introduce themselves and their favourite things, the students pretend they are a horse. Project 2 by Katorina Pokorna and Klara Kucejova Introduction to Project Work 3 3 One of the great benefits of project work is its adaptability. Here are two examples of the same project task. These two projects on The World were done by students at different levels. The first project is a poem using the simple present tense only. The second project, however, has been done by intermediate level students, who have been able to use a range of different structures. Project 3a by Megyeri Ildiko and Miklosi Timea 4 Introduction to Project Work Project 3b Introduction to Project Work 5 4 You can do projects on almost any topic. They can be factual (4) or fantastic (5). Projects can, thus, help to develop the full range of the learners’ capabilities. Project 4 6 Introduction to Project I shall deal with this important issue on page 18. Project 7 by Ivica Kukurova 8 Introduction to Project Work Introduction to Project Work 9 What are the common characteristics of these projects? Hard work Each project is the result of a lot of hard work. The authors of the projects have found information about their topic, collected or drawn pictures, written down their ideas, and then put all the parts together to form a coherent presentation. Project work is not a soft option. A project on Food might involve: †¢ writing recipes †¢ conducting surveys on favourite foods, what people eat for breakfast, etc. Compiling a tourist guide to the restaurants in your town †¢ describing eating habits in your country †¢ finding out about and comparing the diets of rich and poor countries †¢ writing about diet and health Creative The projects are very creative in terms of both content and language. Each project is a unique piece of communication, created by the project writers themselves. Personal This element of creativity makes project work a very personal experience. The students are writing about aspects of their own lives, and so they invest a lot of themselves in their project. A project on Space might involve: †¢ finding out and writing about early space flights †¢ drawing space creatures †¢ planning a city on the Moon †¢ writing a science fiction story or play †¢ making an advertisement or brochure about holidays in space †¢ describing the latest space flight †¢ finding out and writing about the planets, how rockets work, the problems of living in orbit, etc. Adaptable Project work is a highly adaptable methodology. It can be used at every level from absolute beginner to advanced and with all ages. As the examples show, there is a wide range of possible project activities, and the range of possible topics is limitless. Here are a few more possible topics and tasks: A project on Families might involve: †¢ labelling a photograph of your family †¢ drawing a family tree and writing about your ancestors †¢ writing a story about your parents’ or grandparents’ life †¢ comparing life today to life in your parents’ childhood †¢ comparing different kinds of families in different countries †¢ a survey on who does what in the home †¢ writing a play about a family argument †¢ writing a poem about your family These are just a few examples of possible topics and activities for project work. Which activities are actually done will, of course, depend on many factors including the age, level, and interests of the learners, the resources available, and the constraints of time and space. But hopefully the examples given here indicate the potential range of things that you can do. So, let us now return to the original question: What is a project? In fact, the key to understanding project work lies not in the question What? , but rather in the question Who? Who makes the decisions? A project is an extended piece of work on a particular topic where the content and the presentation are determined principally by the learners. The teacher or the textbook provides the topic, but as the examples in this section show, the project writers themselves decide what they write and how they present it. This learner-centred characteristic of project work is vital, as we shall see when we turn now to consider the merits of project work. 10 Introduction to Project Work 2 2 WHY DO PROJECT WORK ? It is not always easy to introduce a new methodology, so we need to be sure that the effort is worthwhile. What benefits does project work bring to the language class? This teacher from Spain expresses it very well:

Men and Women as Consumers

This paper examines the similarities and differences that exist between men and women in their consumer role. It looks at how the different sexes view shopping, consume different products and think about their prices.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Men and Women as Consumers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Comparison Both men and women love shopping either in supermarkets or shopping malls. However, men are rare shoppers than women when it comes to home appliances. This can be attributed to the fact that women are caretakers of the family hence their shopping will always revolve around domestic products. Only bachelors are likely to consider buying home appliances. Even so, they would only buy a few things at a time. Both men and women are great consumers of electronics; however, there exist a differing trend in their style of shopping. While men are attracted to electronics for prestige and fun, women’s motive is always to make work easier. Nevertheless, consumption of ICT products has seen women also joining men in the purchase of laptops, iphones, and flat screen TVs among others (NBC 33 TV par. 1-4). Both men and women are great consumers of media services. Even though they watch and listen to different programs, their listenership and viewership are almost equal explaining why the media practitioners have to take care of both of gender needs. Men have been found to consume products such as perfumes that were traditionally associated with women. Even beauty products and hair styles are now being associated with men contrary to the traditional stereotype that considered things such as perfumes, expensive body lotions and creams and sophisticated hair styles feminine (Odell par. 1). Another new trend in consumption is recorded in the purchase of motors vehicles. While men were traditionally considered great consumers of vehicles, women now own cars at almost the same rate as men (Szustek par. 8). This is because of the important role vehicles play in movement as more women become increasingly involvement in white collar jobs. Differences Unlike women, men are less likely to be concerned about prices or bargains. Men are likely to complete their shopping within the shortest possible time compared to women who are usually conversant with the prices and are more likely to be found bargaining.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many women do impulse buying as compared to men since women are often window shopping and are thus easily lured by attractive products. Women like doing their shopping slowly comparing prices and qualities whereas men just go for what they came for; they mind less about the prices or quality as long as they have found what they want. There also exists a differing pattern in consumption of certain products. When it comes to consumpti on of beauty products like deodorants, men are more likely to do without them during hard economic times. On the other hand, men are greater consumers of alcohol than women. This is because women are usually concerned about their health and how they spend their money. When it comes to water consumption, men will take more water than women due to the nature of their bodies or due to the amount of work done as men are likely to be involved in physical activities. Conclusion This essay has managed to compare and contrast the role of men and women as consumers. It has emerged from the essay that neither side of the gender is a better consumer than the other, but their consumption patterns are rather influenced by their gender roles. Traditional shopping stereotypes are, however, being broken as shopping patterns change with technological advancement and modernization. Works Cited NBC 33 TV. â€Å"Studies show that more and more women are buying consumer electronics.† NBC33 News, January 28, 2012-3:00 pm. Web. Odell, Amy. Men Increasingly Ravenous for Fine Beauty Products. New York Fashion, 2009. Web. Szustek, Anne. â€Å"5 Marketing Myths About Women Debunked.† Business Insider, Inc., 2012. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Men and Women as Consumers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Men and Women as Consumers was written and submitted by user Kasen Flynn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Obesity is an increasing global health problem, and one of the leading preventable causes of death The WritePass Journal

Obesity is an increasing global health problem, and one of the leading preventable causes of death Obesity is an increasing global health problem, and one of the leading preventable causes of death IntroductionDiet – Alternative to SurgerySurgeryRelated Introduction Obesity is an increasing global health problem, and one of the leading preventable causes of death. The definition of obesity taken from the NHS website is; Obesity is when a person is carrying too much body fat for their height and sex. A person is considered obese if they have a  body mass index  (BMI) of 30 or greater . The main problem here is that there is numerous health problems linked to obesity, therefore if Obesity is helped and reduced, it would be like solving the root to the numerous health problems it is linked to. In other words instead of tackling the health problems that are caused by obesity, you tackle obesity itself which would then in theory lead to a general decrease in obesity related health problems. This will not only be beneficial to the patients, but in this current economic climate will save the medical sector money that they would use on treating obesity related health problems. Obesity is a medical condition in which an excess amount of body fat has accumulated within the body to an extent that it may have a harmful affect on health. This can in turn lead to reduced life expectancy and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The main problem here is that obesity increases the risk of many physical and mental conditions however regardless of this it is increasing and needs to be tackled. The main cause of obesity is a combination of excess food energy intake and a lack of any physical activity however there are cases when the cause is due primarily to genetics, medical reasons or psychiatric illness. In contrast increasing rates of societal level obesity is thought to be due to an easily accessible and palatable diet, increased reliance on vehicles and mechanized manufacturing. There are three main ways obesity is being tackled, and it is these three solutions that I am going to focus on in my study.; Diet, Surgery and Drugs. The main solution I will focus on will be surgery. Diet – Alternative to Surgery The classic approach to tackle obesity is a low-calorie diet; this still remains the core treatment of obesity. These diets have the best short-term benefits. There are three types of low-calorie diets that can be distinguished: Personalized and moderately restricted diet: This is dependant on a pre-therapeutic assessment. This diet takes into consideration the daily energy expenditure of each individual including their professional and family environment and their food habits. The desired level of caloric intake will equal to two thirds of the average energy expenditure; 1200 – 2000 calories per day. Low-calorie diet: Total caloric intake averages 800 – 1200 calories per day. This is a considerable reduction in the individuals daily intake and can not be maintained for a long period of time as the patient’s physical activity is hindered and the body is faced with nutritional deficiencies. This ambitious treatment is proposed during hospitalization. Very low-calorie diet: This is a less than 800 calorie per day diet also known as a protein diet. The medical follow up to this must be very accurate.   Cutting off the usual supply of calories the body gets causes the body to break down fat in order to supply itself with energy thus causing the patient to lose body weight. This dietary treatment is effective for short term benefits however requires a lot of dedication on the patient’s behalf. Surgery A  laparoscopic adjustable gastric band also known as a lap band is an inflatable device made of silicone that is placed at the top of the patients stomach through laparoscopic surgery. Laparoscopic surgery also known as Keyhole surgery is a modern technique of surgery in which operations that take place in the abdomen are carried out through small incisions, usually measuring from 0.5-1.5cm. This type of surgery uses images displayed on a monitor which can be magnified. Keyhole surgery is a very beneficial and efficient procedure as the patient feels less pain and discomfort and recovery time is considerably reduced. Gastric banding is the least invasive surgery of its kind however it carries the usual risks of any gastrointestinal surgical operation. The patient’s intestines are not re-routed as the stomach is not staples or removed therefore the patient is able to absorb nutrients from food in a normal procedure. Gastric bands are able to stay without causing harm in the patient’s body as they are made entirely of biocompatible materials. They way this procedure works is that the gastric band is placed on the top portion of the stomach using keyhole surgery. The placement of the band creates a small pouch at the top portion of the stomach. This pouch approximately holds about half a cup of food, in contrast to its normal six cups of food. The pouch fills up quickly; this is where the band comes into effect. The band causes food to pass slowly from the pouch into the lower part of the patient’s stomach. As the upper part of the stomach fills the brain is sent a message that the stomach is full therefore the patient’s hunger dies. This causes the patient to eat a reduced amount of food and stay full for a longer period of time thus decreasing overall caloric intake which can lead to a decrease in weight over time. As the patient starts losing weight the gastric band will need to be adjusted to ensure effectiveness and improve comfort. It is adjusted using a saline solution introduced through a small access port placed underneath the skin. To avoid damage to the port membrane and prevent leakage a specialized non-coring needle is used. This graph has been taken from www.bmj.com and gives an overall idea of the extent to which a gastric band can help weight loss. According to the study participants who had a gastric band lost 22% of their body weight in two years in contrast to the controls who in which only lost just 6%. This resulted in the ‘gastric band group’ to be healthier and happier. This is one proof of evidence that shows that this type of solution to tackle obesity is highly effective. I do not believe taking drugs alone such as AMPHETAMINES is effective as there are many side effects and there have been many cases where patients have become addicted and dependant on the drug itself therefore I do not look at this as a solution personally. Gastric Banding I believe is the most appropriate as it shows and has been proven to considerably decrease body weight and help obesity. And being a laparoscopic surgery rather than open it has its many advantages; Reduced chance of needing blood transfusion as haemorrhaging is reduced. Small incisions are used which reduce pain and discomfort to the patient. In addition recovery time is reduced along with less post-operative scarring Less pain due to small incisions also means that less pain medication is needed Procedure times are slightly longer however, hospital stay time is less often same day discharge. So patient can be back to everyday life more quickly and efficiently. Exposure of organs is reduced due to small incisions therefore chances of contamination and disease are reduced. However it does come with its disadvantages; Due to the small incisions the doctor has a limited range of motion at the surgical site. Dexterity is lost. Poor depth perception Tissue can be damaged due to tools being used rather than hands. However I believe the advantages outweigh the disadvantages so keyhole surgery is a effective and efficient solution. However I believe the advantages outweigh the disadvantages so keyhole surgery is a effective and efficient solution. There are many risks that come with this type of surgery as with any type of surgical operation. The biggest risk is from an instrument called a trocar. Injuries are caused to either blood vessels or small or large bowel. This risk is increased with patients that have a history of prior abdominal surgery. Benefits of gastric banding compared to other bariatric surgeries. There are many benefits of gastric banding compared to other bariatric surgeries. Mortality rates are considerably lower; 1 in 2000. Due to small incisions, keyhole surgery recovery times are very short along with a short hospital stay. These benefits can make the surgery greatly appeal to the patient as along with losing weight, the pain and overall time is small. Bibliography [1.5] Google images. [2.5] Wikipedia. AS Biology CGP Revision Guide. – overall knowledge [3.5] Dr Patrick Jordan . [1] http://obesity_epi.tripod.com/solving_the_problem_of_obesity.htm  Ã‚  Ã‚   [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity [3] globalissues.org/article/558/obesity [4] nhs.uk/Conditions/Obesity/Pages/Introduction.aspx [5] nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/wecan/healthy-weight-basics/obesity.htm [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_banding [7] bmj.com/content/332/7550/1146.full [8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopic_surgery [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trocar

History of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of Art - Essay Example 2.) Italian Renaissance is more vibrant and more prominent than Northern Renaissance. Since there are more commercial and trading centers in Italy at those times than the countries in the north of Italy, particularly France, the Netherlands, and Germany, Italian Renaissance artists had more patrons than their Northern counterparts. The Dukes of Burgundy in the Northern Renaissance were more interested in buying illuminated manuscripts, tapestries and furnishings while Italian art patrons were more into painting. Humanism, a revisiting of Greco-Roman scientific presentation of art, is the driving force behind the Italian Renaissance artists. The Northern Renaissance focused more on topics on religious reform. In terms of rendering of paintings, Italian Renaissance painters are keener on scientific aspects, while their Northern counterparts are more concerned on what they art look like thus, putting emphasis on color and detail. Jan van Eyck's Madonna in the Church, for example, is painted in vivid colors and in sharp details, in contrast with Raphael's The School of Athens focus on depth and perspective. 3.) Both Robert Campin's Merode Altarpiece and Roger van der Weyden's St. Luke Drawing the Virgin have prominent proportion. However, Weyden's painting is more realistic in scale and proportion. The figures are tilted in almost the same manner as we see the object. Campin's painting consists of elements that are cluttered and unrealistically proportioned. Weyden effectively used shading that suggests depth and more realistic visual space. 4.) Italian Renaissance is concerned more on the scientific aspects of art, presenting humans and objects as scientific specimens that move in logical and predictable ways. Italian Baroque art, in contrast, emphasizes exaggerations in motion and movement to produce dramatic and emotional effect. In painting, Pierro della Francesca's Baptism of Christ reflects the logical movement of people as compared with the overt dramatic tension of Federico Barocci, Aeneas' Flight from Troy. In sculpture Michelangelo's La Pieta is more reserved as compared to the vibrant actions of Bernini's Apollo and Daphne. In architecture the revival of Greek and Roman architecture is prominent in St. Peter's Basilica, while the San Benedetto Cathedral in Catania produces dramatic lighting "chiaroscuro" effect inside the edifice. 5.) Neo-Classicism is a revival of the classical art forms as contrasted from the sensuality and triviality of Rococo art. Arts in this period were also made for political propaganda use. For example, political message is clearly reflected in Jacques Louis-David's Death of Marat. Classical themes painted by fresh techniques, such as the use of contrast, characterize David's style and those of Neoclassical artists (Heindorff). 6.) The Oath of Horatii depicts Jacques Louis David's pioneering effort in French painting. It is marked by the usage of contrast in identifying three different groups of figures in the painting. David also effectively uses harmony of colors, arrangement of figures and of a majestic shadow that provides depth and contrast, as well as abstract nature of the painting (Jacques-Louis David: The Oath of the Horatii). 7.) Since the United States were under the British colonial rule, most European influence can be vividly seen in early American paintings. Neoclassicism, with its aim to use art as a form